SOCI 424. THE CONTEXT OF DEVELOPMENT AND UNDERDEVELOPMENT

SECTION A

1. The idea of national industrialization assumed a ......................... for development, for example, catching up with the West.

A. central planning

B. traditional

C. economic growth

D. linear direction

2. On a world scale, the specialization between European economies and their colonies came to be termed the .....................

A. export monoculture

B. colonial division of labour

C. hacendados

D. internal colonialism

3. The ................ set in motion the rural-urban dynamic prescribed by development economists, but with a difference: operating on a global, instead of a national, scale.

A. decolonization

B. food aid regime

C. green revolution

D. import-substitution

4. The World Bank has not only sponsored Western technology transfer, it has also established an ... presence in Third World countries.

A. multilateral

B. institutional

c. bilateral

D. dependency

5. Not only did non-European cultures surrender their handicraft industries in the exchange revolving around the colonial division of labour, but also their agriculture was reduced to a specialized ............

A. mixed farming

B. manufacturing

C. monoculture

D. handicraft

6. The point of Trade-Related Investment Measures (I'RIMs) is to secure investor rights, as if they have no ....... impact.

A. social

B. economic

C. cultural

D. political

7. The Post-colonial African saying is that: "When the white man came he had the ...... and we had the ... When the white man left, we had the .... and he had the ...........

A. land-land; bible-bible

B. bible-bible; land-land

C. land-bible; land-bible

D. bible-land; bible-land

8. Under the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) states no longer have the right to ....... as a national strategy.

A. self-sufficiency

B. minimum market access

C. right to export

D. food import dependency

9. The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) threatens the social contract between state and citizen with a private contract between corporation and .............

A. public interest

B. consumer

C. development-state

D. corporate services

10. The TRIPs protocol establishes global uniform standards for intellectual property rights protection, allowing exclusion of plants and animals from patent laws, but insisting on intellectual property rights for ... of micro-organisms, microbiological processes and products, and plant varieties.

A. biopiracy

B. farmers

C. inventors

D. traders

11. The PL 480Title I sales between 1954-1977 accounted for ......... of food aid

A. 250/0

B. 30%

C. 50%

D.70%

12. A consequence of the Green Revolution is that industrial farming displaced ...... produced through crop-rotation, compromised soil fertility, ruptured natural regeneration and renewal

A. mono-cropping

B. plantation foods

C. peasant foods

D. cereal foods

13. A consequence of the Green Revolution is that between 1993 - 2003 there were -----------farmer suicides in India

A. 20,000

B. 50,000

C.I00,000

D.200,000

14. International military and economic aid bound the developing world to developed world and secured access to human and ....................

A. agricultural resources

B. natural resources

C. forestry resources

D. mineral resources

15. The bilateral Marshall Plan by the U.S was aimed at:

A. stabilizing discontented populations

B. undermining international trade

C. increasing price instability

D. promoting dissent

16. Gustavo Esteva reacted to President Harry S. Truman's 1949 speech by saying that on this day, "two billion people became ............... "

A. developed

B. capitalist

C. independent

D. underdeveloped

17. Dietary modernization resulted from food-aid policy as much as rising .......

A. modernization

B. mono-cropping

C. Income

D. barter

18. Dependency theory is greatly influenced by ..............

A. Walt Rostow and Samuel Huntington

B. Adam Smith and David Ricardo

C. Hans Singer and Raul Prebisch

D. Karl Polanyi and Daniel Lerner

19. The development project understood social change as ..........

A. economic

B. politics

C. trade

D. slave trade

20. During the Cold War, the .................. expanded economic and political relations with Third World, created aid for strategic states, favouring those who pursued policies of central planning and public ownership

A. United States

B. G77

C. Non-aligned movement

D. Soviet Union

21. With the exception of Hong Kong, most of the newly industrializing countries (NICs) had strong ............ guiding public investment into infrastructure development and industrial ventures with private enterprise.

A. democracies

B. development states

C. property classes

D. capitalism

22. First World consumption of Third World products intensified with easy credit and a mushrooming of ........... and fast-food outlets in the 1970s.

A. shopping malls

B. green revolution

C. churches

D. export agriculture

23. The cost calculus driving the relocation of manufacturing to the Third World includes avoidance of stringent ............. regulations

A. export processing zones

B. innovation

C. consumer

D. environmental

24. The newly industrializing countries (NICs) strategy of export-oriented industrialization sparked the world ....... phenomenon

A. export

B. globalization

C. factory

D. development

25. Export processing zones (EPZs) typically serve as, ........., in social as well as economic terms.

A. tax zones

B. freedom zones

C. tax havens

D. enclaves

26. The political context on which Rostow's stages of economic growth model depended is the

A. development state

B. market

C. industry

D. traditional society

27. Specifying development as consumption privileges .................. as vehicle of social change

A. State

B. Market

C. Individual

D. institutions

28. Economic...................... is specific to 19th century European developments rather than an innate human characteristic

A. cooperation

B. individualism

c. growth

D. socialism

29. The concept of Development was in the 19th century understood philosophically as the improvement of. ............ .

A. social engineering

B. civilization

C. humankind

D. power

30. Post-colonial world order emerged from combined force of decolonization politics and new model ofpublic1y regulated ................. in First and Third World

A. primitive markets

B. feudal markets

C. capitalist markets

D. socialist markets

31. Formulating government policies to regulate capitalism and industrialization's disruptive impacts is a ----------------- understanding of development.

A. social

B. practical

C. philosophical

D. economic

32. The sequence of production stages, located in several countries at sites that provide inputs of labour and materials contributing to the fabrication of a final product is generally referred to as ................

A. outsourcing

B. global flows

C. commodity chains

D. long supply chains

33. ---------- refers to the effort of Third World governments to reverse the colonial division of labour by protecting domestic industrialization with tariffs and public subsidies and reducing dependence on primary exports.

A. Decolonization

B. Economic nationalism

C. Structural adjustment

D. Marshall plan

34. To increase consumption of U.S. agricultural commodities in foreign countries, to improve the foreign relations of the U.S. and for other purposes was the goal of. ......... .

A. IMF

B. World Bank

C. Public Law 480

D. The Green Revolution

35. The transfer of billions of dollars by the United States of America to Europe and Japan to facilitate international trade and encourage u.s. direct investment is known as the -----------

A. The Bretton Woods system

B. IMF

C. World Bank

D. The Marshall Plan

36. The Spanish destruction of Aztec and Inca civilizations in the Americas is an example of ........

A. colonies of rule

B. colonies of settlement

C. decolonization

D. recolonization

37. In 1955, the "Non-aligned" Asian and African states met at ......... to articulate a philosophy of noninterference in international relations and economic self-reliance

A. Accra, Ghana

B. Cairo, Egypt

C. Bandung, Indonesia

D. Beijing, China

38. The U.S. export of capital-intensive industrial farming defines agricultural modernization with disastrous global ...... consequences

A. ecological

B. peasant

C. rural-urban

D. market

39. A consequence of the Green Revolution was that it increased rural income and ........ inequalities among, and within, farming households

A. gender

B. class

C. education

D. status

40. There were problems with economic measures of development because the average indices of per capita income obscure inequalities among ............... groups

A. social

B. economic

C. political

D. ethnic

41. Women were regarded as best suited to the tasks of EPZs because of their natural patience and ............

A. manual dexterity

B. restlessness

c. impatience

D. inheritance

42. Development, which had been defined as nationally managed economic growth, was redefined in the World Bank's World Development Report 1980 as " ............ in the world market.

A. economic nationalism

B. participation

C. Ghana beyond aid

D. globalization project

43. The Group of 77 (G-77) proposed to the UN a New International Economic Order (NIEO) initiative offered a .......... perspective, namely, that First World structural power stunted 1hird World development.

A. modernization

B. dependency

C. globalization

D. neoliberalism

44. Structural adjustment measures included the following except:

A. drastic reduction of public spending

B. currency devaluation

C. export intensification

D. import intensification

45. During the debt regime, the World Bank established local agencies known as ....... to administer its SAPs.

A. parastatals

B. social funds

C. conditionalities

D. austerity measures

46. The ------------- "conditionality" required Third World states to adopt specific economic policies, which became criteria for other lenders

A. ADB

B. World Bank

C.IMF

D. IDA

47. It is said that in Dependency theory, the term "dependency" implies a ................ with idealized Western development as the term of reference

A. development-centrism

B. peripheral-centrism

C. metropolis-centrism

D. exploitative centrism

48. Development as a national standard institutionalized in UN System of National accounts monetized economic activity which was recorded as.....................

A. barter system

B. gold standard

C. per capita income

D. gross national product

49. European development was realized through---------------------------colonial cultures

A. civilizing

B. modernizing

C. underdeveloping

D. developing

50. Colonial racialized rule contradicted the secular-modernist ideal of the .....................

A. state

B. market

C. colonialism

D. decolonization

51. By mid-1960's food aid accounted for .......... of world wheat exports and determined prices for traded foods

A.25%

B. 30%

C. 50%

D.70%

52. PL 480 resulted in food dependency because it was cheaper for Third World governments to import subsidized wheat than to fund production, transport and ................ of local food

A. retail

B. distribution

C. storage

D. fertilizer

53. During colonialism, --------------- took on "white man's burden" during wrenching social transformations

A. Africans

B. Asians

C. Americans

D. Europeans

54. The concept of economic nationalism was popularized by ---------------

A. Karl Marx

B. Jeremy Bentham

C. Adam Smith

D. Raul Prebisch

55. The three largest European nations appoint the Managing Director of the .........

A. World Bank

B. African Development Bank

C. International Monetary Fund

D. United Nations

56. The ...................... redefined development as a private undertaking by superimposing open markets across national boundaries

A. development project

B. globalization project

C. sustainability project

D. the colonial division of labour

57. President Harry S. Truman's 1949 speech proclaimed development program calling for "helping the..............

A. privileged

B. develop regions

C. least fortunate

D. colonies

58. Though both Cold War blocs understood development as destiny, the West's goal of free enterprise capitalism was underscored by the utilitarian philosophy of common good arising from pursuit of individual self-interest proposed by ..................

A. Franz Fanon

B. Albert Memmi

C. Karl Marx

D. Jeremy Bentham

59. National economic growth depended on international material and political-legal relations based in ............ relationships

A. resource bondage

B. trade

C. capitalist

D. colonial

60. The Title I mode of the food-aid programme (Public Law 480) disposed-off farm surpluses as:

A. famine relief

B. public relations mechanism

C. commercial sales at discounted prices in local currencies

D. increase consumption of U.S. agricultural commodities in foreign countries

SECTION B

Q1. What function did the 'colonial division of labor' serve, during the colonial era and in shaping the terms of reference of development as a project?

The 'colonial division of labor' during the colonial era served to reorganize the world economy by establishing specialized extraction of raw materials and production of primary products in colonies that were then exchanged for manufactured goods in Europe. This specialization fueled European industrialization and forced non-Europeans into primary commodity production, leading to a transformation of social and environmental relationships. The unequal ecological exchange between European economies and their colonies created an interdependence that shaped the terms of reference of development as a project. This colonial division of labor played a significant role in disorganizing non-European societies by reconstructing their labor systems towards specialized, ecologically degrading export production, and by disorganizing the social psychology of colonial subjects. This historical context of the colonial division of labor underpins the foundation of contemporary modes of development thinking and practice.

Q2. Discuss three reasons why Export Processing Zones (EPZs) are attractive to host governments and explain two ways such 'export-oriented industrialization' (EOI) transformed the meaning of development as a project.

Export Processing Zones (EPZs) are attractive to host governments for several reasons:

1. Economic Growth: EPZs can stimulate economic growth by attracting foreign investment and generating employment opportunities. They serve as hubs for export-oriented industries, bringing in capital and creating jobs for the local population.

2. Foreign Exchange Earnings: EPZs help countries earn foreign exchange through increased exports. This can improve a country's balance of payments and strengthen its currency.

3. Infrastructure Development: EPZs often receive infrastructural support from the government to ensure smooth operations. This can lead to improvements in transportation, utilities, and other facilities in the surrounding areas.

Export-oriented industrialization (EOI) transformed the meaning of development as a project in two significant ways:

1. Shift in Focus: EOI shifted the focus of development from import substitution to export-led growth. Rather than focusing on domestic production for local markets, countries began to prioritize industries that could produce goods for export. This shift aimed to integrate developing countries into the global economy.

2. Global Integration: EOI facilitated the integration of developing countries into the global production system. EPZs served as entry points for these countries to participate in global trade and supply chains. This global integration brought opportunities for economic growth but also raised concerns about labor conditions, environmental impact, and dependence on foreign markets.

Q3. What institutional function has the World Trade Organization (WTO) served in prosecuting global development, especially about sovereignty, security, rights, and the social contract?

The World Trade Organization (WTO) has played a significant institutional role in the execution of the globalization project, particularly concerning various aspects of global development and their impacts on sovereignty, security, rights, and the social contract.

1. Sovereignty: The WTO has been critiqued for undermining national sovereignty by governing member states through liberalization. It sets rules that guarantee the movement of goods, money, and production across borders, restricting countries from enacting legislation that might interfere with such movements. The WTO's reach challenges national democratic processes and places constraints on individual government policy where it clashes with free trade logic. In essence, the WTO's power extends beyond trade rule consistency to direct governance over states via liberalization, thereby affecting their sovereignty.

2. Security: The WTO's liberalization protocols have implications for national security, particularly concerning economic factors. By privileging corporate rights over democratic rights, the WTO's rules can weaken national laws and regulations regarding environment, health, and other social issues, potentially affecting a nation's security, both economically and socially.

3. Rights: The WTO's agreements cover a range of areas such as agriculture, intellectual property, trade in services, and investment measures. These global regulations often prioritize liberalization by subordinating citizens' rights to those of corporations. The threat of challenges against perceived "trade-distorting measures" can dilute national laws protecting human and environmental rights.

4. Social Contract: The WTO's implementation of market rule and restructuring of policies and standards across nation-states can impact the social contract between states and citizens. The organization's protocols can depoliticize the social impact of market reforms, challenge national laws and regulations regarding environment, health, labor legislation, and more, potentially lowering the ceiling on democratic initiatives within national polities. The WTO's influence can shift the balance of power from citizens and states to corporations, thereby altering the traditional social contract between the government and its people.

Q4. Explain four ways the multilateralism of the Bretton Woods System frames the context of development and underdevelopment.

The multilateralism of the Bretton Woods System frames the context of development and underdevelopment in several ways:

1. Financial Stabilization: The system aimed to stabilize national currency exchanges through the International Monetary Fund (IMF), promoting economic stability and facilitating international trade.

2. Capital Intensive Technologies: By encouraging Third World states to adopt capital-intensive technologies, the Bretton Woods System deepened the divide between developed and underdeveloped nations, affecting the industrialization process.

3. Displacement of Populations: The emphasis on infrastructure projects and large-scale agriculture, such as cash crop farming, led to the displacement of populations from their customary habitats, affecting social structures and livelihoods.

4. Import Dependence: The system encouraged import dependence by financing foreign exchange costs for approved projects, prioritizing capital-intensive technologies over labor-intensive ones. This reliance on imports affected the self-sufficiency and economic priorities of developing nations.