NOTE: THE UNDERLINED OPTIONS ARE THE CORRECT ANSWERS.
1. Rearrange the following steps for conducting a scientific study in the correct order:
1. Choosing Research Design
II. Analyzing the Results
III. Stating the Conclusions
IV. Selecting Identifying the Research Problem
V. Collecting the Data
VI. Reviewing Literature
VII. Interpreting the Results
A. IV; VI; I; V; II; VII; III
B. IV; VI; I; II; VII; III; V
C. I; IV; VI; V; II; Vll; III
D. I; IV; VI; V; II; VII; III
2. In his book "Elementary Forms of Religious Life" Durkheim asserts that society divides the world into two namely__________
A. Christianity and African Traditional Religion
B. Religion and Religious Rites.
C. Sacred and Profane.
D. The Church and Shrine
3. What role does the media play in the socialization process?
A. The television, radio, internet, music, movies, books, magazines et cetera are important in socialization because they provide models for behavior. The media provides images that can affect our understanding of the world. Mass media has trifling effects on our attitudes and behavior which makes it an important contributor to the socialization process. in some ways mass media can serve as a positive function. It helps there to be more diversity; we can learn more about things that are going on not only in our society but in different countries as well. It can help you learn new things you did not now making you very open minded. However, the media can also affect young people negatively. Young people want to be accepted by society and the media creates false ideal images that tells them what characteristics are needed to be accepted and to be able to fit in with society. For example, the media shows you what should look like, how you can look like, and where to go to buy these things that will make you look 'right.
B. The television, radio, internet, music, movies, books, magazines et cetera are important in socialization because they provide models for behavior. The media provides images that can affect our understanding of the world. Mass media has negligible effects on our attitudes and behavior which makes it an important contributor to the socialization process. in some ways mass media can serve as a positive function. It helps there to be more diversity; we can learn more about things that are going on not only in our society but in different countries as well. It can help you learn new things you did not know making you very open minded. However, the media can also affect young people negatively. Young people want to be accepted by society and the media creates false ideal image that tells them what characteristics are needed to be accepted and to be able to fit in with society. For example, the media shows you what should look like, how you can look like, and where to go to buy these things that will make you look 'right'.
C. The television, radio, internet, music, movies, books, magazines et cetera are important in socialization because they provide models for behavior. The media provides images that can affect our understanding of the world. Mass media has enormous effects on our attitudes and behavior which makes it an important contributor to the socialization process. The media has positive functions. It helps there to be more diversity; we can learn more: about things that are going on not only in our society but 'in different societies as well. It can' help you learn new things you did not know making you very open minded. However, the media can also affect young people negatively. Young people want to be accepted by society and the media creates false ideal image that tells them what characteristics are needed to be accepted and to be able to fit in with society. For example, the media shows you what should look like, how you can look like, and where to go and buy these things that will make you look 'right'.
D. The television, radio, internet, music, movies, books, magazines et cetera are important in socialization because they provide models for behavior. The media provides images that can affect our understanding of the world. Mass media has enormous effects on our attitudes and behavior which makes it an important contributor to the socialization process. The media has positive functions. It helps there to be more diversity; we can learn more about things that are going on not only in our society but in different societies as well. It can help you learn archaic things you did not know making you very open minded. However, the media can also' affect young people negatively. Young people want to be accepted by society and the media creates false ideal image that tells them what characteristics are needed to be accepted and, to be able to fit in with society. For example, the media shows you what should look like, how you can look like, and where to go and buy these things that will make you look, 'right'.
4. The old students' association of your former senior high school decided to assist the school to nib in the bud disrespect by students for authority. Measures have been instituted to ensure the success of the intended action. These measures include suspension from school for guilty students, working on the school farm for a period spanning one to four weeks after classes and spanking in the headmaster's office. After one year of the institution of the measures, it is discovered that, apart from restoration of respect to authority, the school's academic performance has received a boost. As a student of sociology, analyze this situation in the school by identifying the functional prerequisite(s), manifest function(s), and latent function(s)from the scenario.
A. The intended action for which reason the measures were instituted is the functional pre-requisite and it is respect for authority;' it has been achieved so it is the manifest function; in the course of achieving the manifest function, a consequence which is not the main reason for the institution of the measures also occurs, it is the school's better academic performance which is also a manifest function.
B. The intended action for which reason the measures were instituted is the functional pre-requisite and it is respect for authority; it has been achieved so it is the manifest function; in the course of achieving the manifest function, a consequence which is not the main reason for the institution of the measures also occurs it is the school's performance which is the latent function.
C. The intended action for which reason the measures were instituted is the functional pre-requisite and it is respect for authority; it has been achieved so it is the latent function; in the course of achieving the latent function, a consequence which is not the main reason for the institution of the measures also occurs, it is the school's better academic performance which is the manifest function.
5. How did Karl Marx refer to those who own the means of production and those who do not in a capitalist society?
A. Karl Marx referred to those who own the means of production as capitalists, and those who do not as socialist.
B. Karl Marx identified the owners of the means of production as the bourgeoisie and those who do not as liberal democrats.
C. The owners of the means of production were known as the bourgeoisie in capitalist society and those who do not, as the proletariat.
D. The owners of the means of production were known as the proletariat in capitalist society and those who do not own the means of production were identified as bourgeoisie.
6. The study of Sociology can be useful to society in the following ways:
A. The study of sociology helps us to understand human society and how social systems work. A comparative study of human societies enables us to understand that people in different societies have many different solutions to the universal human problems of making a living for instance. The value of sociology lies in the fact that it keeps us up to date on modern situations, it contributes to making good citizens, it contributes to the solution of community problems, it adds to the knowledge of society, it helps societal members find their relation to society and it explains the causes of various occurrences and so on. The study of society contributes to the formulation of social policies which require certain amount of knowledge about that society. Sociology provides a great deal of information that is helpful in making decisions on social policy. For example, the solution to the problem of extreme poverty requires from sociologists primarily an investigation of the facts and such studies undoubtedly influence social policy. If the society is to develop and prosper, the study of society is a must for politicians, administrators, social reformers, students and teachers.
B. The study of sociology helps us to understand human society and how social systems work. A comparative study of human societies enables us to understand that people in different societies have many different solutions to the universal human problems of making a living for instance. The value of sociology lies in the fact that it keeps us lagging behind on modem situations, it contributes to making good citizens, it contributes to the solution of community problems, it adds to the knowledge of society, it helps societal members find their relation to society and it explains the causes of various occurrences and. so on. The study of society contributes to the formulation of social policies which require certain amount of knowledge about that society. Sociology provides a great deal of information that is helpful in making decisions on social policy. For example, the solution to the problem of extreme poverty requires from sociologists primarily an investigation of the facts and such studies undoubtedly influence social policy. If the society is to develop and prosper, the study of society is a must for politicians, administrators, social reformers, students and teachers.
C. The study of sociology helps us to understand human society and how social systems work. A comparative study of human societies enables us to understand that people in different societies have many different solutions to the universal human problems of making a living for instance. The value of sociology lies in the fact that it keeps us dawdling on postmodern situations, it contributes to making good citizens, it contributes to the solution of community problems, it adds to the knowledge of society, it helps societal members find their relation to society and it explains the causes of various occurrences and so on. The study of society contributes to the formulation of social policies which require certain amount of knowledge about that society. Sociology provides a great deal of information that is helpful in making decisions on social policy. For example, the solution to the problem of extreme poverty requires from sociologists primarily an investigation of the facts and such studies undoubtedly influence social policy. If the society is to develop and prosper, the study of society is a must for politicians, administrators, social reformers, students, and teachers.
D. The study of sociology helps us to understand human society and how social systems work. A comparative study of human societies enables us to understand that people in different societies have many different solutions to the universal human problems of making a living for instance. The value of sociology lies in the fact that it keeps us up to date on postmodern situations, it contributes to making good citizens, it contributes to the solution of community problems, it adds to the knowledge of society, it helps societal members find their relation to society and it explains the causes of various occurrences and so on. The study of society contributes to the formulation of social policies which require a modicum amount of knowledge about that society. Sociology provides a great deal of information that is helpful in making decisions on social policy. For example, the solution to the problem of extreme poverty requires from sociologists primarily an investigation of the facts and such studies undoubtedly influence social policy. If the society is to develop and prosper, the study of society is a must for politicians, administrators, social reformers, students, and teachers.
7. Which Sociologist stressed the importance of Sociologists adopting a "Value-Free" Sociology method in conducting scientific research'! What does value-free mean?
A. Max Weber, a German sociologist used the term value-free, meaning sociologists must not allow their personal biases to affect the conduct of their scientific research.
B. Karl Marx, a German sociologist used the term value-free, meaning sociologists must not allow their personal biases to affect the conduct of their scientific research.
C. A French sociologist, Auguste Comte referred to the term value-free which means applying scientific methods of investigation in order to eliminate personal biases in social research.
D. A British Sociologist Herbert Spencer used the term value-free to mean the scientific or objective study of social problems devoid pf subjectivity and personal biases.
8. A questionnaire is a data collection tool that constitutes:
A. several questions on a particular theme, problem, issue or opinion to be investigated. These questions are compiled by the researcher to solicit the information needed. Questions asked in questionnaires may be either open-ended or closed ended. Closed-ended are framed to provide possible answers for the respondent to select from. In open-ended questions, the respondent is given the opportunity to express him or herself on an issue.
B. several questions on a particular theme, problem, issue or opinion to be investigated. The researcher is given the opportunity to ask supplementary questions and get more insight into the issue. Questions asked in questionnaire may be either open-ended or closed ended. Closed ended are framed to provide a number of possible answers for the respondent to select from. In open-ended questions, the respondent is given the opportunity to express him or herself on an Issue.
C. several questions on a particular theme, problem, issue or opinion to be investigated. The questions are compiled by the researcher to solicit the information needed. Questions asked in questionnaires may be either open-ended or closed-ended. Open-ended questions are framed to provide a number of possible answers for the respondent to select from. In closed-ended questions, the respondent is given the opportunity to express him or herself on an issue.
D. several questions on a particular theme, problem, issue or opinion to be investigated. The researcher is given the opportunity to ask supplementary questions and get more insight into the issue. Questions asked in questionnaires may be either open-ended or closed ended. Open-ended questions are framed to provide a number of possible answers for the respondent to select from. In closed-ended questions, the respondent is given the opportunity to express him or herself on an issue.
9. Sociology provides an advantage to students preparing for later careers by preparing them for work _____________________________
A. only as teachers of sociology. The discipline of sociology plays a valuable role in developing critical thinking. It helps students to better understand the workings of their own society and of other cultures. Students will be able to use sociological concepts, approaches and theories in analyzing human interactions and institutions and propose intelligent and sound alternatives. Perhaps, the main contribution ·of sociology is that it makes more sense of our lives. It does so by explaining the relationships between personal experience and 'external events', between self and society.
B. only in criminal justice or social work. The discipline of sociology plays a valuable role in developing critical thinking. It helps students to better understand the workings of their own society and of other cultures. Students will be able to use sociological concepts, approaches and theories in analyzing human interactions and institutions and propose intelligent and sound alternatives. Perhaps, the main contribution of sociology is that it makes more sense of our lives. It does so by explaining the relationships between personal experience and 'external events', between self and society.
C. only as clinical sociologists. The discipline of sociology plays a valuable role in developing critical thinking. It helps students to better understand the workings of their own 'society and of other cultures. Students will be able to use sociological concepts, approaches and theories in analyzing human interactions and institutions and propose intelligent and sound alternatives. Perhaps, the main contribution of sociology is that it makes more sense of our lives. It does so by explaining the relationships between personal experience and 'external events', between self and society.
D. in teaching, criminal justice, business, and many other careers. The discipline of sociology plays a valuable role in developing critical thinking. It helps students to better understand the workings of their own society and of other cultures. Students will be able to use sociological concepts, approaches and theories in analyzing human interactions and institutions and propose intelligent and sound alternatives. Perhaps, the main contribution of sociology is that it makes more sense of our lives. It does so by explaining the relationships between personal experience and 'external events', between self and society.
10. Kofi and Kweku were engaged in a bitter argument about why conflict should or should not be considered functional to society. While Kofi thinks that conflict has no good consequences for society, Kweku insisted that the phenomenon is not always destructive to society and that, it has social benefits. As a student of society, what is your stand on the issue?
A. 'Conflict can be both beneficial and non-beneficial to society. Functionally, it helps unite groups and strengthens group cohesiveness; prevents harboring social inequality and injustice; however, it becomes dysfunctional if it breeds wars, unrest and destruction.
B. Conflict can be both dysfunctional and non-beneficial to society. Functionally, it helps unite groups and strengthens group cohesiveness; prevents harboring social inequality and injustice; however, it becomes dysfunction al if it breeds wars, unrest and destruction.
C. Conflict can be both beneficial and non-beneficial to society. Functionally, it helps in the disunity of groups and strengthens group cohesiveness; prevents harboring social inequality and injustice; however, it becomes dysfunctional if it breeds wars, unrest and destruction.
11. Which of the following statements best illustrates the career advantage a person gains by studying sociology'?
A. A researcher discovers a new and effective vaccine.
B. A person in retail sales knows how to exceed the monthly sales target.
C. A police officer understands which categories of people are at high risk of becoming victims of crime.
D. A financial services worker devises a new type of hedge fund.
12. Symbolic interactionism thrives on four core assumptions which are:
I. meanings are not inherent in the things but emerge from social interactions.
II. the individual is a thinking being who constructs meaning.
III. due to continuous social interaction, shared meanings always emerge and change.
IV, humans respond or react to things in the social environment based on their meanings:
Re-arrange these core assumptions according to how the individuals act them out.
A. I, II, III & IV.
B. II, IV, I & Ill.
C. Ill, II, IV & I
D. IV, Ill, II & I
13. Auguste Comte is a French Sociologist credited by modern sociologists to be the founder of Sociology for coining the term Sociology and establishing the subject matter of the discipline. He advocated for the scientific study of society, which he called positivism. What does Comte mean by positivism?
A. Comte's work was greatly influenced by another Frenchman by name Claude Henri de Saint-Simon whose preoccupation was to establish a scientific discipline capable of reconstructing the French society which was destroyed by the French political revolution. Comte just like Saint-Simon was also interested in finding answers to the social problems in France. Comte focused on developing a discipline which could use systematic processes of investigation to solve societal problems - this he termed positivism. In Comte's view, positivism is when. sociological knowledge becomes scientific, and it can understand, predict and control the behavior of human as well as contribute to the enhancement of social order and human welfare.
B. Comte argued that an understanding of society requires a concern for both the sources of order and continuity (social statics) and the sources of change (social dynamics). His interest in the study of social statics inspired the coining of the term positivism. According to Comte, positivism refers to efforts by Sociologists to influence attitudes and social behaviors, in order to produce desired characteristics in a population to ensure that society functions in an orderly manner.
C. Comte was born in France in 1798 and witnessed the social injustice and inequalities that characterized the French society and much of Europe in that era. Influenced by the exploits of the natural sciences (such as Astronomy, Physics, Biology, and Chemistry) acclaimed to have achieved a lot for humanity, Comte advocated for a scientific study of society. For Comte applying scientific methods to studying social events will lead to a positivist understanding of the social world.
D. Positivism refers to the application of scientific methods to study how societies function. Through this, Sociologists in Comte's view would discover social principles which will unlock the secrets of society and could be used to facilitate social reforms.
14. ' Early writings about the Gold Coast were anthropological but when a department was established to study and understand the Ghanaian society in Ghana's first university, it was designated as the Department of Sociology. Why was this the case?
A. This-was the case because there was the need to subsequently start thinking about the development of another department which will continue to understand Ghana in a more contemporary sense. The development of this newer department was instrumental to the development of the University specifically, and Ghana more generally. The academic community was elated at the prospect and very eager to see it come to fruition. There were several consultations both nationally and internationally and a plan of implementation was subsequently approved. Hence, the establishment of the Department. The first head of Department appointed was an Oxford trained anthropologist in the person of Dr. Kofi Abrefa Busia who became the Prime Minister in Ghana's Second Republic. It should be noted that the current Department of Sociology at the University of Ghana teaches anthropological theories and research methods together with sociological ones.
B. Indeed, early writings about the Gold Coast were anthropological and ethnographic in nature but there was already an institute dedicated to Ghanaian anthropological studies. There was therefore the need to develop another department which will be dedicated to understanding the contemporary Ghanaian society and train scholars who will collaborate with others not only in Ghana but across the world. Ironically, the first head of Department appointed was an Oxford trained anthropologist in the person of Dr. kOfi Abrefa Busia who became a Prime Minister in Ghana's Second Republic. It should be no ed that the current Department of Sociology at the University of Ghana teaches anthropological theories and research methods alongside sociological ones.
C. Ghana needed to establish a Department of Sociology at the University of Ghana because the institution was the leading center for academic excellence at that time. Scholars from all over the world flocked to Ghana to conduct and contribute to scholarly advancement. To enhance the university's reputation, more departments, centers and institutes needed to be established. The Department of sociology was included in the expansion project. These improvements further solidified University of Ghana's position as the academic Mecca. The first head of Department appointed was an Oxford trained anthropologist in the person of Dr. Kofi Abrefa Busia who will become a President in Ghana's Second Republic. It should be noted that the current Department of sociology at the University of Ghana teaches anthropological theories and research methods together with sociological ones.
D. Indeed, early writings about the Gold Coast were anthropological and ethnographic in nature but there was already an institute dedicated to Ghanaian anthropological studies. There was therefore the need to develop another Department which will be dedicated to understanding the contemporary Ghanaian society and train scholars who will collaborate with others not only in Ghana but across the world. Ironically, the first head of department appointed was an Oxford trained anthropologist in the person of Dr. kofi Abrefa Busia who became President in Ghana's second republic. It should be noted that the current department of Sociology at the University of Ghana teaches anthropological theories and research methods alongside sociological ones.
15. In what way is Sociology similar to the other social sciences?
A. Sociology and the other social sciences such as Anthropology, Political Science, Economics and Psychology all study human behaviour and social interactions in the society.
B. Sociology and the other social sciences such as Anthropology, Political Science, Economics and Psychology all study specific aspects of human behaviour and social interactions in the society.
C. Sociology and the other social sciences such as Anthropology, Political Science, Economics and Psychology all study some aspects of human behaviour and social interactions in the society.
D. Sociology and the other social sciences such as Anthropology, Political Science, Economics and Psychology all study individual behaviour and individual social interactions in the society.
16. Identify the attributes of Sociology responsible for its scientificity.
A. It is a discipline based on observation and reasoning; its study of society produces accumulated knowledge leading to the formulation of theories of society; and above all, it considers human action as good or bad.
B. It is a discipline based on observation and reasoning; its study of society produces accumulated knowledge leading to the formulation of theories of society; and above all, it is an ethical discipline.
C. It is a discipline based on observation and reasoning; its study of society produces accumulated knowledge leading to the formulation of theories of society; and above all, it does not judge human action as good or bad.
17. Max Weber was a German sociologist and political economist who made significant contributions to the development of Sociology as a scientific discipline of study. Weber was best known for bis ideas on human subjectivity and the distinction between three types of authority. What are these three authority patterns as outline? by Weber?
A. Subjectivity, Verstehen and Value· Free Sociology, which means the ability of sociologists to mentally attempt to place themselves in the shoes of others in order to understand them better or Sociologists not allowing their personal biases to affect the conduct of their scientific research.
B. The three authority patterns are Social Action, Symbolic Interactionism and Authority. In Weber's view, people can initiate action on their own without society being the main determinant. He stressed on Sociologists need to focus attention on the individual and not on the collective.
C. Affective Action, Traditional Action and Rational Action are Weber's types of authority as they are all social action based on individual emotions, habitual lifestyle 'and rationality.
D. Weber identified three types of authority, and these are Traditional Authority, Charismatic Authority and Rational-Legal Authority. He argued that these three sources of authority are derived from legitimate power.
18. Why did the industrial revolution lead to migration from rural to urban' areas and its subsequent unanticipated consequences?
A. Migration and the industrial revolution are closely intertwined. Without the industrial revolution there would be no migration. Migration meant that cities were buzzing with people who wanted better lives for themselves and their families. Their families ~encouraged them to move quite quickly and unapologetically to the cities. The mass movement of people from villages to cities subsequently led to unanticipated effects such as overcrowding, prostitution and unemployment etc.
B. The industrial revolution began with the invention of the steam power engine. This engine meant that factories could be developed to produce more at a faster rate. The development of these factories meant that little cottage industries in villages and small towns were being overtaken by these large factories located rnainly in the cities. There was a huge demand for labour to power these machines. These factories presented ample opportunities for employment for individuals. These individuals therefore moved from the villages to the cities to take up these jobs. The mass movement of people from villages to cities subsequently led to unanticipated effects such as overcrowding, unemployment, prostitution etc.
C. The industrial revolution led to migration on because the general population in the villages were bored with working in the cottage industries. They were in search of adventure and excitement. Their families encouraged them to move quite quickly from the villages to the cities. There was a huge demand for success in these factories and only ambitious young people were brave enough to work in these imposing factories. The mass movements of people from the villages to the cities led to unanticipated consequences such as overcrowding, unemployment and prostitution etc.
D. The industrial revolution began with the development of the steam power engine. This engine meant that factories could be developed to produce more at a faster rate. The development of these factories meant that big cottage industries in villages and small towns were being overtaken by these large factories located mainly in the cities. There was a huge demand for labour to power these machines. These factories presented meagre opportunities for employment for individuals. These individuals therefore moved from the villages to the cities to take up these jobs. The mass movement of people from villages to cities subsequently led to unanticipated effects such as overcrowding, unemployment, prostitution etc.
19. What is the difference between the student of sociology and the non-sociology student's understanding of society?
A. While the student of sociology understands society by scientifically studying it; the non-sociology student uses his/her experience of living in society as the basis of knowledge for understanding social phenomenon.
B. While both the student of sociology and the non-sociology student understand society by scientifically studying it; they also use their experience of living in society and reading about it as the basis for their knowledge of the social phenomenon.
C. Since they are both students, the two of them have comprehensive knowledge of society except that the sociology student has more knowledge of the social phenomenon because he likes reading more about society than the non-sociology student.
20. Karl Marx divided society into two - the Substructure and Superstructure. What is your understanding of the concept "substructure" as explained by Marx?
A, In Karl Marx's view, the substructure is the clash of contradictions and the creation of new, more advanced structures out of these clashes or conflicts in society.
B. The economic institution is the most important among all the other institutions because every society depends on the economic institution for survival. In Marx's view, the substructure is the foundation upon which the superstructure which is made up of the remaining institutions of society (i.e. family, education, religion, health, media etc.) rest.
C. The main focus of the Marxist theory has been class conflict or class struggle, between those who own the means of production and those who do not. He explained the substructure as the struggle over scarce resources between social classes in society, especially between the bourgeoisie (i.e. those who own the means of production) and proletariat - the workers who offer their labour in exchange for a wage in order to survive.
D. All history, Marx said, is composed of struggles between classes such as the Masters and Slaves; Lords and Serfs; Bourgeoisie and Proletariat. He therefore referred to the substructure as the relations of production that have existed since time immemorial.
21. An Economist studies the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. The economist also examines how prices are determined on what effects taxes will have. Sociology studies human behaviour and social interactions in society. What then will be the focus of Sociology of Economics?
A. Sociology of economics focuses on how production, distribution and consumption of goods and service affect human behaviour and social interactions of families in the society. Additionally, Sociology of Economics will be interested in studying how demand and supply of goods and services leads to stability and/or social change of society.
B. Sociology of Economics assesses the relationship between the consumption and production of goods and services in an environment of finite resources. A focus of the subject is how economic agents behave or interact both individually (microeconomics) and in aggregate (macroeconomics).
C. Sociology of Economics focuses on wants, efforts and satisfaction. In other words, it deals with decisions regarding the commodities and services to be produced in the economy, how to produce them most economically and how to provide for the growth of the society.
D. Sociology of Economics focuses on the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and. services. It studies how individuals, businesses, governments, and nations make choices, about how to allocate resources. It deals with decisions regarding the commodities and services to be produced in the economy, how to produce them most economically and how to provide for the growth of the society.
22. Which of the following best describes the attributes of culture?
A. Culture is an individual phenomenon, although it is the product of society. It develops in the society through social interaction. Man can acquire it without associating with others. Man is not man only among men. Culture is transmitted from one generation to the next. Culture is not inherited biologically but it is learnt socially by man in a society. It is not an inborn tendency but acquired by man from the association with others.
B. Culture is not an individual phenomenon", but it is the product of society. It develops in the society through social interaction. No man can acquire it without the association of others. Man is man only among men. Culture is transmitted from one generation to the next. Culture is not inherited biologically but it is learnt socially by man in a society. It is not an inborn tendency but acquired by man from the association with others.
C. Culture is not an individual phenomenon, but it is the product of society. It develops in the society through social interaction. No man can acquire it without the association of others. Man is man only among men. Culture is transmitted from one generation to the next. Culture can be inherited biologically such as your skin co our and hair texture, but we learn how to manage it socially in a society. It can be inborn but c, n also be acquired by man from the association with others.
D. Culture is an individual phenomenon, but it is the product of society. It develops in the society through social interaction. no man. an acquire it without the association of others. Man is man only among men. Culture is transmitted from one generation to the next. Culture is inherited biologically, and it is learnt socially by man in a society. It is not an inborn tendency but acquired by man from the association with others.
23. From the interactionists' point of view, the sociologist's understanding of social life must begin from
A. studying shared cultural meanings that emerge from the individual's social interactions.
B. responding to things in the individual's social environment based on their meanings.
C. understanding what people say and do from their own point of view.
D. understanding what people say and do from the perspective of others.
24. Judging the culture of a society bas d on the norms and values of another is called.
A. egocentrism
B. ethnocentrism
C. ethno-criticism
D. ethno-determinism
25. Andrew, a 24-year-old post-graduate student with political ambitions is not in support of the government's social intervention policies. He kicked against policies such as free Senior High School (SHS) education, scholarships for brilliant but needy students, student loans, and even the distribution of food and basic supplies for vulnerable groups in Ghana during the COVID-19 lockdown. He argues that people who are poor are lazy and not responsible. Therefore, they do not deserve any social intervention programmes designed to cushion them from poverty. For Andrew, such people are poor by nature. Which one of the Founding fathers of Sociology's ideas do you think Andrew is espousing? What is the name of the idea?
A. Karl Marx's ideas on the class struggle between the Bourgeoisie and Proletariat. Marx postulates that the Bourgeoisie own the means of production and employ the Proletariat who have nothing to offer except their labour for survival. Marx believes that those who provide their labour for a wage are poor because they do not take any initiative, and this has been the underlying conflict between the Bourgeoisie and Proletariat.
B. The functionalists' perspective, particularly that of Herbert Spencer. Spencer likened society to that of a human body and suggests that society just like a human body has various parts, with each part performing specific functions to meet the basic requirements of society. Hence, a dysfunctional (irresponsible) part will interrupt the entire system, and no outside intervention can help solve the problem except all the parts of the system agree on an internal resolution.
C. Charles Darwin's view of natural selection among organisms, which suggests that if a weaker organism is assisted, it interferes with the natural selection of producing stronger and fitter offspring. Stronger offspring can survive under any condition thus, they become beneficial to their environment.
D. Spencer's idea on the survival of the fittest. In Spencer's view, as generations pass, the most capable and intelligent (fittest) members survive, while the less capable die. Spencer believed in individual responsibility, competition and struggle. He advised that governments should not interfere with the natural processes by initiating special social protection schemes targeted at vulnerable groups in society, since this group of people are unfit to live.
26. Explain how formal socialisation occurs in schools.
A. It occurs in schools through application in subjects such as science, mathematics, and others. But the role of schools as agencies of socialisation goes far beyond teaching the standard subjects. Praise and reprimand in schools a structured to teach and enforce school rules, thus socialising children to adapt to impersonal bureaucratic requirements. Emphasis on grades teaches individualistic values of competition and achievements. The gender and ethnic composition of teaching staff teaches lessons about what kinds of people are regarded as knowledgeable and competent to wield authority and may thus reinforce social inequalities.
B. It occurs in schools through instructions in science, mathematics, and other subjects. But the role of schools as agents of socialisation goes far beyond teaching the standard subjects. Praise and reprimand in schools are structured to dissuade school rules, thus socialising children to adapt to impersonal bureaucratic requirements. Emphasis on grades teaches individualistic values of competition and achievements. The gender and ethnic composition of teaching staff teaches lessons about what kinds of people are regarded as knowledgeable and competent to wield authority and may thus reinforce social inequalities.
C. It occurs in schools through instructions in science, mathematics, and other subjects. But the role of schools as agents of socialisation goes far beyond teaching the standard. subjects. Praise and reprimand in schools are structured to teach and repress school rules, thus socialising children to adapt to impersonal bureaucratic requirements. Emphasis on grades teaches individualistic values of competition and. achievements. The gender, racial and ethnic composition of teaching staff teaches lessons about what kinds of people are regarded as I knowledgeable and competent to wield authority and may thus reinforce social inequalities.
D. It occurs in schools through instructions in subjects such as science, mathematics, and others. But the role of schools as agencies of socialisation goes far beyond teaching the standard subjects. Praise and reprimand in schools are structured to teach and enforce school rules, thus socialising children to adapt to impersonal bureaucratic requirements. Emphasis on grades teaches individualistic values of competition and achievements. The gender and ethnic composition of teaching staff teaches lessons about what kinds of people are regarded as knowledgeable and competent to wield authority and may thus reinforce social inequalities.
27. What are reflexive behaviours in socialisation according to the symbolic interactionist perspective?
A. Reflexive behaviours are actions through which people observe, interpret, evaluate, communicate with and attempt to control themselves. Reflexive behaviour involves people observing their own behaviour from the perspective of others. For example, in many cases when you feel yourself becoming angry, you probably reflect on how your expression of anger will be interpreted by others and then use this reflection to guide your actual expression of anger.
B. Reflexive behaviours are actions through which people reflect on their past behaviour to interpret, evaluate, communicate with and attempt to control themselves., Reflexive behaviour involves people observing their own behaviour from the perspective of others. For example, in many cases when you feel yourself becoming angry, you probably reflect on how your expression of anger will be interpreted by others and then use this reflection to guide your actual expression of anger.
C. Reflexive behaviour are actions through which people observe, interpret, evaluate, communicate with and attempt to control themselves. Reflexive behaviour involves people ignoring their own behaviour from the perspective of others. For example, in many cases when you feel yourself becoming angry you probably reflect on how your expression of anger will be interpreted by others and then use this reflection to' guide your actual expression of anger.
D. Reflexive behaviours are actions through which people will reflect on their future behaviours to control themselves. Reflexive behaviour involves people observing their own behaviour from the perspective of others. For example, in many cases when you feel yourself becoming angry you probably reflect on how your expression of anger will be interpreted by others and then use this reflection to guide your actual expression of anger.
28. Which of the following statements best explains Functionalism?
A. It is a theoretical perspective built on the ideas of Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, and Emile Durkheim: its basic tenets rest on the assumption that society is an inorganic system as compared to the human body; and that though the parts of the social system are relatively independent, they constitute a network of inter-dependent relationships, functioning together for the survival of the whole system.
B. It is a theoretical perspective built on the ideas of Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, and Emile Durkheim: it compares society to a living organism such as a plant or human body; as a system, society is made up of laws, customs, values, and mores which together constitute the inter-dependent parts functioning in an interrelated manner for the wellbeing and survival of society.
C. It is a theoretical perspective built on the ideas of Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, and Emile Durkheim: its basic tenets rest on t e assumption that society is an organic system as compared to the human body; and that the parts of the social system are interrelated and interdependent; the parts constitute a network of interdependent relationships, working together for the survival of the entire system.
D. It is a theoretical perspective built on the ideas of Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, and Emile Durkheim: it compares society to anon-living organism as compared to the human body; and that the parts of the social system are interrelated and interdependent; the parts constitute a network of interdependent relationship, working together for the survival of the entire system.
29. Which of the following statements best defines culture?
A. Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of a society.
B. Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, customs and any other capabilities and habits innate in man as a member of a society.
C. Culture is that simple and complex whole which includes wisdom, knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, customs and any other capabilities and innate abilities that make us members of our society.
D. Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, customs and any other capabilities we are born with as members of a society.
30. What is your understanding of Charles Darwin's notion of "natural selection" among organisms"?
A. Darwin was convinced that no one should intervene in the evolution of organisms. He thought that organisms develop from simple to more complex forms, therefore, an intervention would lead to a distortion of the process. '
B. Darwin's ideas on the mechanism for natural selection of organisms can be likened to the functionalists' view of a society made up of different parts functioning together for the maintenance of the whole, the strongest or the fittest part of society performs better while the weakest components slow down the system.
C. Darwin opined that because resources are limited, organisms with heritable traits that Favour survival and reproduction would tend to have more offspring than their peers with weak traits. This means that organisms with good biological qualities would survive and would help improving their environment while those with weak traits would perish.
D. Darwin maintained that like any system, some of its parts may become dysfunctional along the line. The mechanism 'of natural selection applies to the functional components that must perform beyond 'optimal levels in order to augment the shortfalls brought about by the dysfunctional parts of the system.
Source: Sakai, sts, mis web.